What are the "4 D's" associated with pellagra?

Pellagra is a disease caused by a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3). The classic manifestation of this deficiency is encapsulated by the "4 D's": dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death.

Dermatitis refers to the skin manifestations that often occur, typically presenting as photosensitive lesions. This is a key sign of the condition. Dementia involves the cognitive decline and psychological effects associated with prolonged deficiency, which can affect mental health and cognitive function. Diarrhea is another common symptom, significantly affecting the gastrointestinal system and resulting in malabsorption. Finally, death can occur if pellagra is left untreated and is indicative of the severe consequences of prolonged niacin deficiency.

Other options include terms that do not correctly represent the symptoms or conditions related to pellagra. Understanding these classic 4 D's is crucial in recognizing and diagnosing the condition.