Which valvular lesions are commonly associated with Carcinoid Syndrome?

Carcinoid Syndrome is primarily associated with neuroendocrine tumors, which often secrete substances that can lead to distinct pathophysiological changes in the body, particularly affecting the heart. In this syndrome, the main cardiac manifestations are typically seen due to the fibrogenic effects of serotonin and other vasoactive substances.

The correct association with Carcinoid Syndrome involves the development of tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonic stenosis. The tricuspid valve is particularly affected because the right side of the heart is more exposed to the vasoactive substances produced by the carcinoid tumors, especially when these tumors have metastasized to the liver, leading to elevated levels of serotonin in the systemic circulation. This results in plaque-like fibrous deposits on the tricuspid valve, causing regurgitation. Similarly, the pulmonic valve can also be affected, leading to stenosis due to similar fibrous deposits.

In contrast, the other options reflect valvular lesions that are not typically associated with the direct effects of Carcinoid Syndrome. For instance, aortic stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation, or mitral valve prolapse and aortic insufficiency, do not exhibit the same consistent associations with the neuroend